The reticulate package provides a comprehensive set of tools for interoperability between Python and R. The package includes facilities for:

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• Calling Python from R in a variety of ways including R Markdown, sourcing Python scripts, importing Python modules, and using Python interactively within an R session.

• Translation between R and Python objects (for example, between R and Pandas data frames, or between R matrices and NumPy arrays).

• Flexible binding to different versions of Python including virtual environments and Conda environments.

Reticulate embeds a Python session within your R session, enabling seamless, high-performance interoperability. If you are an R developer that uses Python for some of your work or a member of data science team that uses both languages, reticulate can dramatically streamline your workflow!

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis. Google allows users to search the Web for images, news, products, video, and other content.

Welcome to R packages by Hadley Wickham and Jenny Bryan.Packages are the fundamental units of reproducible R code. They include reusable R functions, the documentation that describes how to use them, and sample data. Get the latest breaking news, sports, entertainment and obituaries in Springfield, IL from The State Journal-Register. R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.

Getting started

Installation

Install the reticulate package from CRAN as follows:

Python version

By default, reticulate uses the version of Python found on your PATH (i.e. Sys.which('python')).

The use_python() function enables you to specify an alternate version, for example:

The use_virtualenv() and use_condaenv() functions enable you to specify versions of Python in virtual or Conda environments, for example:

See the article on Python Version Configuration for additional details.

Python packages

You can install any required Python packages using standard shell tools like pip and conda. Alternately, reticulate includes a set of functions for managing and installing packages within virtualenvs and Conda environments. See the article on Installing Python Packages for additional details.

Calling Python

There are a variety of ways to integrate Python code into your R projects:

1) Python in R Markdown — A new Python language engine for R Markdown that supports bi-directional communication between R and Python (R chunks can access Python objects and vice-versa).

2) Importing Python modules — The import() function enables you to import any Python module and call it’s functions directly from R.

3) Sourcing Python scripts — The source_python() function enables you to source a Python script the same way you would source() an R script (Python functions and objects defined within the script become directly available to the R session).

4) Python REPL — The repl_python() function creates an interactive Python console within R. Objects you create within Python are available to your R session (and vice-versa).

Each of these techniques is explained in more detail below.

Python in R Markdown

The reticulate package includes a Python engine for R Markdown with the following features:

1) Run Python chunks in a single Python session embedded within your R session (shared variables/state between Python chunks)

2) Printing of Python output, including graphical output from matplotlib.

3) Access to objects created within Python chunks from R using the py object (e.g. py$x would access an x variable created within Python from R).

4) Access to objects created within R chunks from Python using the r object (e.g. r.x would access to x variable created within R from Python)

Built in conversion for many Python object types is provided, including NumPy arrays and Pandas data frames. For example, you can use Pandas to read and manipulate data then easily plot the Pandas data frame using ggplot2:

Note that the reticulate Python engine is enabled by default within R Markdown whenever reticulate is installed.

See the R Markdown Python Engine documentation for additional details.

Importing Python modules

You can use the import() function to import any Python module and call it from R. For example, this code imports the Python os module and calls the listdir() function:

Functions and other data within Python modules and classes can be accessed via the $ operator (analogous to the way you would interact with an R list, environment, or reference class).

Imported Python modules support code completion and inline help:

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See Calling Python from R for additional details on interacting with Python objects from within R.

Sourcing Python scripts

You can source any Python script just as you would source an R script using the source_python() function. For example, if you had the following Python script flights.py:

Then you can source the script and call the read_flights() function as follows:

See the source_python() documentation for additional details on sourcing Python code.

Python REPL

If you want to work with Python interactively you can call the repl_python() function, which provides a Python REPL embedded within your R session. Objects created within the Python REPL can be accessed from R using the py object exported from reticulate. For example:

Enter exit within the Python REPL to return to the R prompt.

Note that Python code can also access objects from within the R session using the r object (e.g. r.flights). See the repl_python() documentation for additional details on using the embedded Python REPL.

Type conversions

When calling into Python, R data types are automatically converted to their equivalent Python types. When values are returned from Python to R they are converted back to R types. Types are converted as follows:

If a Python object of a custom class is returned then an R reference to that object is returned. You can call methods and access properties of the object just as if it was an instance of an R reference class.

Learning more

The following articles cover the various aspects of using reticulate:

• Calling Python from R — Describes the various ways to access Python objects from R as well as functions available for more advanced interactions and conversion behavior.

• R Markdown Python Engine — Provides details on using Python chunks within R Markdown documents, including how call Python code from R chunks and vice-versa.

• Python Version Configuration — Describes facilities for determining which version of Python is used by reticulate within an R session.

• Installing Python Packages — Documentation on installing Python packages from PyPI or Conda, and managing package installations using virtualenvs and Conda environments.

• Using reticulate in an R Package — Guidelines and best practices for using reticulate in an R package.

• Arrays in R and Python — Advanced discussion of the differences between arrays in R and Python and the implications for conversion and interoperability.

Why reticulate?

From the Wikipedia article on the reticulated python:

The reticulated python is a species of python found in Southeast Asia. They are the world’s longest snakes and longest reptiles…The specific name, reticulatus, is Latin meaning “net-like”, or reticulated, and is a reference to the complex colour pattern.

From the Merriam-Webster definition of reticulate:

1: resembling a net or network; especially : having veins, fibers, or lines crossing a reticulate leaf. 2: being or involving evolutionary change dependent on genetic recombination involving diverse interbreeding populations.

The package enables you to reticulate Python code into R, creating a new breed of project that weaves together the two languages.

R is an elegant and comprehensive statistical and graphical programming language. Unfortunately, it can also have a steep learning curve. I created this website for both current R users, and experienced users of other statistical packages (e.g., SAS, SPSS, Stata) who would like to transition to R. My goal is to help you quickly access this language in your work.

I assume that you are already familiar with the statistical methods covered and instead provide you with a roadmap and the code necessary to get started quickly, and orient yourself for future learning. I designed this web site to be an easily accessible reference. Look at the sitemap to get an overview.

If you prefer an online interactive environment to learn R, this free R tutorial by DataCamp is a great way to get started. If you're already somewhat advanced and interested in machine learning, try this Kaggle tutorial on who survived the Titanic.

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What's New

A link to the new resource The R Graph Gallery has been added.
A number of new sections have been added. These include:

• A new section on time series analysis.
• A new section on ggplot2 graphics.
• For old friends, please note that I've renamed the section on trellis graphs to lattice graphs. Since both the lattice and ggplot2 packages can be used to create trellis graphs, changing the name makes the distinction between these two sections clearer.

Why Use R?

If you currently use another statistical package, why learn R?

1. It's free! If you are a teacher or a student, the benefits are obvious.
2. It runs on a variety of platforms including Windows, Unix and MacOS.
3. It provides an unparalleled platform for programming new statistical methods in an easy and straightforward manner.
4. It contains advanced statistical routines not yet available in other packages.
5. It has state-of-the-art graphics capabilities.

Obtaining R

R is available for Linux, MacOS, and Windows (95 or later) platforms. Software can be downloaded from one of the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) mirror sites.

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